Did you know Japan once had a 15-year statute of limitations on murder? Here’s the story of how one woman – Fukuda Kazuko, a.k.a. the Woman of Many Faces – came within days of being free and clear of her crimes.
An analogy for marriage?
When you learn a new language, you don’t just learn the language itself; you learn about the culture. You discover new and strange stories that, for the most part, are only familiar to those who have lived within that culture. Often, I’ll be reading an article or book in Japanese and will trip across the mention of a place, a name, or an historical event — and suddenly, before I know it, I’m 12 links deep inside Wikipedia.jp, familiarizing myself with something that, to tens of millions of others, is common knowledge.
In her book Sour Grapes (負け犬の遠吠え), author Sakai Junko tosses out a casual metaphor that initially went right over this foreigner’s head:
負け犬生活を長く続けた人が結婚した時、幸福というよりは安堵の表情に包まれているのも、「これで長い逃亡生活が終わった」という福田和子的心情が湧き上がってくるからなのでしょう。
When someone who’s lived a long while as a loser-dog [ed.: woman over 40 who has not married] gets married, more than being surrounded by a feeling of safety, she feels an upwelling of emotion like Fukuda Kazuko, thinking, “And with this, my long life on the lam has ended.”
Some language learners recommend that, when you see a word you don’t know in a language you’re studying, that you underline or mark it for later study. It’s the best advice that I never follow. Encountering something unknown sends me into the Google pit, and I refuse to crawl out until I feel I’m slightly less ignorant than before I crawled in.
In this case, this one off-hand metaphor sent me on a day-long hunt for anything I could find about Fukuda Kazuko (福田和子). What I found was the fascinating story of a woman who nearly got away with murder.
The Murdered Hostess of Matsuyama (松山ホステス殺害事件)
In 1982, in the city of Matsuyama in Ehime prefecture, Fukuda, a 31-year-old married mother of four who worked as a hostess at a local cabaret, strangled her co-worker to death in the woman’s own apartment. Police and prosecutors would later contend that Fukuda killed the club’s top-earning hostess to pay off debts to a loan shark that at the time were costing Fukuda￥100,000 (approximately $1,000) every month, and that this crime was cold and calculated. Fukuda’s defense team would claim that it was an unplanned murder committed in the heat of the moment.
Whatever the motive, Fukuda wasn’t prepared to go to jail for her crime — a sentiment that I’m sure most criminals share. But Fukuda’s reasons for avoiding the Big House were more tragic than most.
The Matsuyama Prison Matter
Given that Fukuda’s mother ran a brothel out of their apartment when Fukuda was a kid, it’s fair to say she wasn’t set up for success at an early age. At age 18 (1966), Fukuda and the man she was living with at the time robbed the house of the head of the Japan Taxation Agency. They were caught and convicted, and Fukuda was sent to Matsuyama Prison.
What happened in that place would later become known as the Matsuyama Prison Matter (松山刑務所事件). Essentially, gangsters paid off prison guards to have the run of the prison. They drank, they smoke, they gambled, they wandered the halls freely. And they raped the female prisoners. Fukuda Kazuko was one of the victims.
There was a weak investigation into the prison in the 60’s, but no charges were ever pressed. It wasn’t until the publication of Fukuda’s memoirs that public attention was brought to bear on conditions in the prison. By that time, however, the statute of limitations on any crimes committed had expired.
Fukuda Kazuko Runs
Fukuda would do whatever it took to avoid prosecution. This included enlisting her husband in disposing of the hostess’ body, and moving all of the woman’s furniture into another apartment in an attempt to make the woman’s disappearance look like a 夜逃げ (yonige; “night flight” — running away under cover of night, usually to avoid one’s creditors). In a particularly ballsy twist, Fukuda moved most of the woman’s furniture into another apartment that she shared with her lover, a salaryman who knew nothing of Fukuda’s husband or family.
This sham didn’t last long, however. One night, the police phoned Fukuda’s house to ask her into the station for questioning. Fukuda held the officers at bay by pretending to be one of her kids, and saying her mom would be back shortly. After hanging up, she took the￥600,000 (about $6,000) she had stolen from the hostess, and fled Matsuyama.
Of course, it would be impossible to run from the police forever. But Fukuda didn’t have to run forever. At the time of her crime, the statute of limitations on murder in Japan was short — a mere 15 years. That meant that, for Fukuda to get away with her crime, she would have to avoid capture by police on the tiny island chain of Japan for 5,475 days.
What’s remarkable is that she almost pulled it off.
Fukuda Kazuko: The Woman of Many Faces (七つの顔を持つ女)
Fukuda’s continued flight was a balancing act between deliberate cunning and ballsy risks. She would travel to Osaka via the bullet train to make calls home to her family and former lover. She knew full well her calls would be traced; this gambit was a deliberate attempt to throw investigators off the trail.
Fukuda also underwent numerous plastic surgery treatments to change her appearance. Investigators eventually cottoned on to this gambit, and the press dubbed her 七つの顔を持つ女 (nanatsu no kao o motsu onna), or “The Woman of Many [Seven] Faces”.
Fukuda’s actions were at times shrewd, and at other times outright brazen. After marrying into a local family in Kanezawa, she re-established contact with her biological son and convinced her to live with him under the ruse that he was her nephew. Fukuda kept up such shams for a while until relatives grew suspicious of her and reported her to the police.
But Fukuda managed to discover that police were on to her. She fled within minutes of her capture to the city of Fukui.
Last-Minute Arrest
Fukuda was arrested in Fukui just days before the statute of limitations on her initial crime was set to expire. The owner of an Oden shop that Fukuda frequented realized that she resembled the fugitive she had heard about on TV. The shopkeeper worked with police to obtain Fukuda’s fingerprints from a beer bottle; once confirming the suspect’s identity, they swooped in and arrested her, bringing her nearly 15-year life as a fugitive on Japanese isles to a breathtaking close.
Fukuda went on to write a book about her exploits entitled The Valley of Tears. She lived until 2005 when, at age 57, she passed out during a prison work detail and never regained consciousness.
In 2010, Japan revised the statute of limitations law. Under the revision, the statute of limitations for a crime of murder that would carry life imprisonment has been raised from 15 to 30 years. The time limit for crimes that would incur the death penalty, previously 30 years, now has no time limit.
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